Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2016 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 5 Articles
Background: Infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been associated with\nreductions in milk production in dairy cows and sub optimal fertility. The aim of this study was to highlight the\nproduction losses associated with testing MAP ELISA positive in Irish dairy cows. Secondary objectives included\ninvestigation of risk factors associated with testing MAP ELISA positive. A survey of management practices on study\nfarms was also conducted, with examination of associations between management practices and herd MAP status.\nBlood samples were collected from 4188 breeding animals on 22 farms. Samples were ELISA tested using the ID Screen\nParatuberculosis Indirect Screening Test. Production parameters examined included milk yield, milk fat, milk protein,\nsomatic cell count, and calving interval. The association between MAP ELISA status and production data was investigated\nusing multi-level mixed models. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for testing JD blood ELISA positive at\nindividual cow level and to identify associations between farm management practices and herd MAP status.\nResults: Data were available for 3528 cows. The apparent prevalence recorded was 7.4 %. Mixed model analysis revealed\nno statistically significant association between testing MAP ELISA positive and dairy cow production parameters. Risk\nfactors associated with testing positive included larger sized herds being over twice more likely to test positive than\nsmaller herds (OR 2.4 P = <0.001). Friesians were less likely to test positive relative to other breeds. A number of study\nfarmers were engaged in management practices that have previously been identified as high risk for MAP transmission\ne.g., 73.1 % pooled colostrum and 84.6 % of study farmers used the calving area to house sick animals throughout the\nyear. No significant associations however, were identified between farm management practices and herd MAP status.\nConclusion: No production losses were identified; however an apparent prevalence of 7.4 % was recorded. With the\nabolition of EU milk quotas herd size in Ireland is expanding, as herds included in this study were larger than the\nnational average, results may be indicative of future JD levels if no JD control programmes are implemented to minimise\ntransmission....
This study was done to evaluate the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract from the tissue of Litopenaeus vannamei against human pathogenic bacteria. The methanolic extract was examined for the antibacterial activity against 10 human bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, Proteus mirabilis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The methanolic extract showed maximum antibacterial activity of 19 mm of inhibition zone against E. coli at 100 µg/ml concentration; whereas the lowest inhibition zone of 13 mm was recorded against S. paratyphi at the same concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the mehanolic extract recorded 60, 80, 100, 100, 100 and 100 µg/ml against bacterial strains such as E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, S. paratyphi, S. pyogenes and K. oxytoca respectively. In conclusion the methanolic extract from the tissue of L. vannamei have good antibiotic substances and it could be suggested as a source of active antibacterial as well as future drug in multidrug resistance human pathogens....
Objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of methanolic extract from the tissue of L. vennaemi. The methanolic extract was examined for the antioxidant activities such as total antioxidant assay, ABTS radical assay, DPPH radical assay, hydroxyl radical assay and superoxide radical assay. The methanolic extract showed antioxidant activities on dose dependent manner. The results showed the total antioxidant capacity of 10.55% - 52.43% at 50 - 250 µg/ml, ABTS radical scavenging activity of 7.88% - 49.98% at 25 - 125 µg/ml and DPPH radical scavenging activity of 12.87% - 59.81% at 10 - 160 µg/ml concentration respectively. In addition the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of methanolic extract showed 6.37% - 40.55% at 25 - 125 µg/ml; whereas the superoxide radical scavenging activity of methanolic extract recorded 14.03 - 48.01% at 50 - 250 µg/ml concentration. In conclusion to the above results of the methanolic extract from the tissue of L. vannamei, it could be suggested as good natural antioxidant product, to be used as food and in development of future drug in pharmaceutical industries....
Background: Euthanasia of pets has been described by veterinarians as ââ?¬Å?the best and the worstââ?¬Â of the profession.\nThe most commonly mentioned ethical dilemmas veterinarians face in small animal practice are: limited treatment\noptions due to financial constraints, euthanizing of healthy animals and owners wishing to continue treatment of\nterminally ill animals. The aim of the study was to gain insight into the attitudes of Austrian veterinarians towards\neuthanasia of small animals. This included assessing their agreement with euthanasia in exemplified case scenarios,\npotentially predicted by demographic variables (e.g. gender, age, working in small animal practice, employment,\nworking in a team, numbers of performed euthanasia). Further describing the veterinariansââ?¬â?¢ agreement with a\nnumber of different normative and descriptive statements, including coping strategies. A questionnaire with nine\neuthanasia scenarios, 26 normative and descriptive statements, and demographic data were sent to all members of\nthe Austrian Chamber of Veterinary Surgeons (n = 2478).\nResults: In total, 486 veterinarians answered sufficiently completely to enable analyses. Responses were first\nexplored descriptively before being formally analysed using linear regression and additive Bayesian networks ââ?¬â?? a\nmultivariate regression methodology ââ?¬â?? in order to identify joint relationships between the demographic variables,\nthe statements and each of the nine euthanasia scenarios. Mutual dependencies between the demographic\nvariables were found, i.e. female compared to male veterinarians worked mostly in small animal practice, and\nworking mostly in small animal practice was linked to performing more euthanasia per month.\nConclusions: Gender and age were found to be associated with views on euthanasia: female veterinarians and\nveterinarians having worked for less years were more likely to disagree with euthanasia in at least some of the\nconvenience euthanasia scenarios. The number of veterinarians working together was found to be the variable with\nthe highest number of links to other variables, demographic as well as ethical statements. This highlights the role\nof a team potentially providing support in stressful situations. The results are useful for a better understanding of\ncoping strategies for veterinarians with moral stress due to euthanasia of small animals....
We performed experiments in cats with a spinal cord penetrating hemisection at T13-L1 level, with and without tamoxifen treatment.\nThe results showed that the numbers of the ipsilateral and contralateral ventral horn neurons were reduced to less than half in the\nnontreated animals compared with the treated ones. Also, axons myelin sheet was preserved to almost normal values in treated\ncats. On the contrary, in the untreated animals, their myelin sheet was reduced to 28% at 30 days after injury (DAI), in both the\nipsilateral and contralateral regions of the spinal cord. Additionally, we made hindlimb kinematics experiments to study the effects\nof tamoxifen on cat locomotion after the injury: at 4, 16, and 30DAI.We observed that the ipsilateral hindlimb angular displacement\n(AD) of the pendulum-like movements (PLM) during gait locomotion was recovered to almost normal values in treated cats.\nContralateral PLM acquired similar values to those obtained in intact cats. At 4 DAI, untreated animals showed a compensatory\nincrement of PLM occurring in the contralateral hindlimb, which was partially recovered at 30 DAI. Our findings indicate that\ntamoxifen exerts a neuroprotective effect and preserves or produces myelinated axons, which could benefit the locomotion recovery\nin injured cats....
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